Spatial variation in river runoff into a coastal area — An ecological approach     

C. Vinagre  C. Mguas  H.N. Cabral  M.J. Costa 《Journal of Sea Research》2011,65(3):362-367

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were used to investigate spatial variation in terrestrial particulate organic matter (POM) input to a coastal area off the Tagus river estuary. Isotopic variation in higher trophic level organisms was also examined, along the coast. This study was carried out in late summer, after a period of 3 months of low river flow. The overall aim was to determine if under such conditions the coastal area is enriched by the river plume and, particularly, if lower secondary productivity should be expected in some areas. Spatial variation was detected as a gradient of decreasing terrestrial input with increasing distance from the river. It was concluded that terrestrial carbon input was also incorporated into higher trophic levels and that organisms with lower mobility are more sensitive to the gradient in terrestrial input. Even in low flow conditions the whole fishing area remained under the influence of the river plume, which still accounted for 24% of the total POM 30 km from the river mouth. Additionally, δ¹⁵N values indicated pollution input from the river Tagus.  相似文献   

Beryllium-10 terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating of Quaternary landforms in Death Valley     

Lewis A. Owen  Kurt L. Frankel  Jeffrey R. Knott  Scott Reynhout  Robert C. Finkel  James F. Dolan  Jeffrey Lee 《Geomorphology》2011,125(4):49

  相似文献   

沉积物粒度分析方法的比较   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

冉敬  杜谷  潘忠习 《岩矿测试》2011,30(6):669-676

近年来激光粒度分析法在沉积物粒度分析方面的应用得到了进一步扩展。本文利用美国麦克奇公司生产的S3500型激光粒度分析仪开展沉积物粒度分析方法实验,研究表明:S3500型仪器较优的样品用量约为0.2 g;稀释过程会影响样品的粒度分布;样品分取方式会带来不同的随机误差。与薄片图像法和筛析法两种传统粒度分析方法获得的粒度分布参数比较表明:激光法测得的平均粒径较薄片图像法和筛析法偏细;激光法和筛析法的峰度相关性较好。采用Malvern 2000和Micro S3500两种激光粒度分析仪测量结果的比较表明:Malvern 2000测得的平均粒径较Micro S3500测得的平均粒径偏细,但二者的相关性很好(r=0.9574),研究认为这两种粒度仪的测试结果会给岩石粒度定名带来差异。由于各种粒度分析方法存在差异和局限性,在实际工作中粒度分析应尽可能建立在同一测量体系上,以便资料对比。  相似文献   

川东北毛坝气藏含自然硫包裹体的发现及其地质意义     

李保华  顾雪祥  李黎  付绍洪  徐仕海  赵甫峰  肖德长 《矿物学报》2011,31(3):541-549

根据流体包裹体显微观察,均一温度、盐度测定和激光拉曼分析结果,毛坝气藏储层中存在多种类型包裹体,包括气液H20包裹体、烃一H20包裹体、气相烃包裹体、沥青包裹体和含自然硫气液H20包裹体。在含自然硫气液H20包裹体中,自然硫的特征激光拉曼峰值是151．1cm^1～、217．9em^1和473．3cm^1。根据包裹体的产状、分布以及组合特征,可将本区下三叠统储层流体包裹体划分为3期。晚成岩期方解石中气液H20包裹体均一温度变化范围为104～206°c,盐度为4．03％～19．29％NaCl。温度和盐度呈一定的负相关关系,反映随着成岩环境的埋藏深度增加,地层中孔隙水的温度趋于升高,同时烃类与流体中SO42发生热化学还原反应（TSR）,生成H2s和H20,使盐度降低。在区域抬升降温、降压期,由于外来流体的不均匀混合,流体温度、盐度进一步降低（均一温度为31～108℃,盐度为0．35％～4．03％NaCl）,在低温及硫主要以H2s形式存在的条件下,02与H2s反应生成大量自然硫。在自然硫形成过程中,随着温度的降低,pH值趋向于升高,lgf（02）趋向于降低。当温度为100℃时,自然硫在pH=2．9～3．4,lgf（02）=-50．61～-49．92的环境中形成;25℃时,自然硫形成于pH=1．9～6．5,lgf（02）=-69．30～-63．11的环境中。  相似文献   

Terrestrial laser scanning to estimate plot-level forest canopy fuel properties     

Mariano García  F. Mark Danson  David Riaño  Emilio Chuvieco  F. Alberto Ramirez  Vishal Bandugula 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

This paper evaluates the potential of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to characterize forest canopy fuel characteristics at plot level. Several canopy properties, namely canopy height, canopy cover, canopy base height and fuel strata gap were estimated. Different approaches were tested to avoid the effect of canopy shadowing on canopy height estimation caused by deployment of the TLS below the canopy. Estimation of canopy height using a grid approach provided a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.81 and an RMSE of 2.47 m. A similar RMSE was obtained using the 99th percentile of the height distribution of the highest points, representing the 1% of the data, although the coefficient of determination was lower (R² = 0.70). Canopy cover (CC) was estimated as a function of the occupied cells of a grid superimposed upon the TLS point clouds. It was found that CC estimates were dependent on the cell size selected, with 3 cm being the optimum resolution for this study. The effect of the zenith view angle on CC estimates was also analyzed. A simple method was developed to estimate canopy base height from the vegetation vertical profiles derived from an occupied/non-occupied voxels approach. Canopy base height was estimated with an RMSE of 3.09 m and an R² = 0.86. Terrestrial laser scanning also provides a unique opportunity to estimate the fuel strata gap (FSG), which has not been previously derived from remotely sensed data. The FSG was also derived from the vegetation vertical profile with an RMSE of 1.53 m and an R² = 0.87.  相似文献   

3D modeling of light interception in heterogeneous forest canopies using ground-based LiDAR data     

Dimitry Van der Zande  Jan Stuckens  Willem W. Verstraeten  Simone Mereu  Bart Muys  Pol Coppin 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

  相似文献   

Improving the assessment of ICESat water altimetry accuracy accounting for autocorrelation     

Hani Abdallah  Jean-Stéphane Bailly  Nicolas Baghdadi  Nicolas Lemarquand 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(6):833-844

Given that water resources are scarce and are strained by competing demands, it has become crucial to develop and improve techniques to observe the temporal and spatial variations in the inland water volume. Due to the lack of data and the heterogeneity of water level stations, remote sensing, and especially altimetry from space, appear as complementary techniques for water level monitoring. In addition to spatial resolution and sampling rates in space or time, one of the most relevant criteria for satellite altimetry on inland water is the accuracy of the elevation data. Here, the accuracy of ICESat LIDAR altimetry product is assessed over the Great Lakes in North America. The accuracy assessment method used in this paper emphasizes on autocorrelation in high temporal frequency ICESat measurements. It also considers uncertainties resulting from both in situ lake level reference data. A probabilistic upscaling process was developed. This process is based on several successive ICESat shots averaged in a spatial transect accounting for autocorrelation between successive shots. The method also applies pre-processing of the ICESat data with saturation correction of ICESat waveforms, spatial filtering to avoid measurement disturbance from the land–water transition effects on waveform saturation and data selection to avoid trends in water elevations across space. Initially this paper analyzes 237 collected ICESat transects, consistent with the available hydrometric ground stations for four of the Great Lakes. By adapting a geostatistical framework, a high frequency autocorrelation between successive shot elevation values was observed and then modeled for 45% of the 237 transects. The modeled autocorrelation was therefore used to estimate water elevations at the transect scale and the resulting uncertainty for the 117 transects without trend. This uncertainty was 8 times greater than the usual computed uncertainty, when no temporal correlation is taken into account. This temporal correlation, corresponding to approximately 11 consecutive ICESat shots, could be linked to low transmitted ICESat GLAS energy and to poor weather conditions. Assuming Gaussian uncertainties for both reference data and ICESat data upscaled at the transect scale, we derived GLAS deviations statistics by averaging the results at station and lake scales. An overall bias of −4.6 cm (underestimation) and an overall standard deviation of 11.6 cm were computed for all lakes. Results demonstrated the relevance of taking autocorrelation into account in satellite data uncertainty assesment.  相似文献   

三维激光扫描仪测量方法与前景展望   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

张启福  孙现申 《北京测绘》2011,(1):39-42

首先详细论述了三维激光扫描仪测距、测角、扫描及定向的若干方法,然后通过三维激光扫描仪发展现状的介绍,及各项技术参数图表式对比、分析,得出了三维激光扫描仪测程、精度及扫描速率之间的关系.针对三维激光扫描仪的局限性,提出其会向精密定位、多功能集成、完全国产化、软件公用化等方向发展的趋势.  相似文献   

基于地面三维激光技术的建筑物变形监测研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

丁延辉  汤羽扬  周克勤  王凤利 《北京测绘》2011,(2):4-6

地面三维激光雷达测量系统是最近几年刚刚新生的一个测量技术,本文提出一种研究建筑物变形的方法即用三维激光扫描仪对建筑物或者构筑物进行三维扫描并获得建筑物的三维点云模型,然后通过前后两次建筑物的三维点云数据的比对、分析,可以对建筑物进行平面位移监测、沉降监测、倾斜分析、整体形变监测。  相似文献   

三维激光扫描仪在惠泉变电站三维模型构建中的应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘求龙  胡伍生  王骢  徐君民 《测绘科学》2011,36(2):210-212

文中通过利用地面三维激光扫描仪获取的空间数据,进行了惠泉变电站三维空间地物建模研究。首先探讨点的密度对数据采集的影响;然后通过整体匹配纠正并对原始测量数据进行拼接配准;最后建立了三维表面模型。通过研究发现利用三维激光扫描技术可以快速建立三维空间的可视化模型,解决了传统的测量仪器与测量方法在变电站等特殊领域的不足。为能够实现变电站资源的数字化,提供了一个变电站三维模型构建的新方向。  相似文献